大学英语三级课程学习指导资料（三）

2 Undoubtedly, another reason why the first heart transplant was so controversial(引起争议的) was the fact that we associate so many personality traits(个性特征) with the heart. Questions were asked of the type: "If a person had a different heart, would he still be the same person?", or "If doctors needed a dying person's heart, would they tend to declare him dead prematurely(过早地)?", and so on.
3 Today, not only hearts and kidneys, but also such extremely delicate organs as lungs and livers, are transplanted. These developments have led to a far higher or proportion of successful operations and this, in turn, has led to greater demand for transplants. At the same time, many of the original moral questions surrounding heart transplants have been almost forgotten.
4 However, as a result of the heavy demand for organs, a new moral dilemma has emerged. For example, in the United States there are many people who would survive if lungs were available for transplanting. In fact, about 80 % of them die before a suitable donor is found. In these circumstances who would decide if a donor were found whose lungs were equally suitable for two potential recipients(接受者)?
5 This problem is made worse by the fact that many patients, or their families, become desperate to find a donor. Some succeed in publicizing their situation in newspapers, to politicians or on television. Sometimes, as a result, suitable donors are found. But what would happen if another patient needed the organ more than the one who got the publicity? Who would decide if the other patient should get the organ? Would it be the doctors? Or the donor? Or the family who got the publicity? If such a dilemma developed it would be very difficult to resolve --- and it would be a matter of life or death to the patients involved.
1. Which of the following is true?
A. Kidney transplant operations were not common until 1967.
B. Kidneys for transplant operations had to come from dead people in 1967.
C. Kidney transplant operations were performed before heart transplant operations.
D. Heart transplant operations were as common as kidney transplant operations.
2. The first heart transplant Was controversial because
A. it was not so successful as people had thought
B. some people argued it was not moral to do so
C. the recipient died on the operation table D. it was the most difficult operation ever known
3. Improved medical techniques have resulted in
A. more people seeking organ transplants B. more chances of survival of the donor
C. even greater debate over whether or not to have organ transplants D. a new moral dilemma
4. What organs have been transplanted since 19677
A. Kidneys only. B. Kidneys and hearts.
C. Not only kidneys and hearts but lungs and livers. D. More than the organs mentioned above.
5. Moral questions now aroused over organ transplants are in 19677
A. twice as many as B. a lot fewer but more serious than
C. more crucial(激烈的) than D. not as serious as
6. According to the passage, the new moral dilemma is the result of .
A. a higher proportion of successful operations
B. too few human organs for too many potential recipients
C. the argument whether some delicate organs should be transplanted
D. so many failures in organ transplanting
7. How do you think the dilemma will develop?
A. The dilemma will remain unresolved.
B. The public (through the media媒体) will demand a fair resolution.
C. Those who are more desperate to find a donor will always be successful.
D. The doctors will have the final say.

Passage 6

1 Although Beethoven(贝多芬) could sit down and makeup music easily, his really great compositions(乐曲) did not come easily at all. They cost him a great deal of hard work. We know how often he rewrote and corrected his work because his notebooks are still kept in museums and libraries. He always found it hard to satisfy himself.
2 When he was 28, the worst difficulty of all came to him. He began to notice a strange humming in his ears. At first he paid little attention; but it grew worse, and at last he consulted doctors. They gave him the worst news any musician can hear: he was gradually going deaf. Beethoven was in despair; he was sure that he was going to die.
3 He went away to the country, to a place called Heiligenstadt, and from there he wrote a long farewell letter to his brothers. In this he told them how depressed(沮丧) and lonely(孤独) his deafness had made him. "It was impossible for me to ask men to speak louder or shout, for I am deaf," he wrote. "How could I possibly admit an infirmity in the one sense (hearing) which should have been more perfect in me than in others ... I must live like an exile(流放的人)." He longed to die, and said to death, "Come when you will, I shall meet you bravely."
4 In fact, Beethoven did something braver than dying. He gathered his courage and went on writing music, though he could hear what he wrote only more and more faintly. He wrote his best music, the music we remember him for, after he became deaf. The music he wrote was very different from any that had been composed before. Instead of the elegant(华众取宠) and stately （华而不实）music that earlier musicians had written for their wealthy listeners, Beethoven wrote stormy, exciting, revolutionary music, which reminds us of his troubled and courageous life. He grew to admire courage more than anything, and he called one of his symphonies the "Eroica"or heroic symphony英雄交响曲, "to celebrate the memory of a great man". Describing the dramatic opening notes of his famous Fifth Symphony, he said, "thus fate knocks on the door."

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